Physical and chemical properties of nucleic acid pdf

Physicochemical properties of nucleic acids nature. They play an important role in transmission of hereditary characteristics and biosynthesi. Chemical properties of proteins chemistry libretexts. Nucleic acid bases possess an extraordinarily high ability of selfassociation at the electrode surface and undergo a 2d condensation forming a monomolecular layer. Structures of nucleic acids some genomes are rna some viruses have rna genomes. In particular, recent xray crystallography and nmr structural data on pna complexes are discussed. Ladoulis from the laboratory of chemical pathology, department of pathology, harvard medical school, boston, massachusetts 02115. Properties of the nucleicacid bases in free and watsoncrick. The side chains of the standard amino acids, detailed in the list of standard amino acids, have a great variety of chemical structures and properties.

Greenberg, in advances in physical organic chemistry, 2016. As molecular and structural biology expanded to provide detailed information about biochemical mechanisms, physical studies eventually acquired the additional constraint that they should. It features a 1hour lecture video, and also presents the prerequisites, learning objectives, reading assignment, lecture slides, homework with solutions, and resources for further study. A nucleic acid is a polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides. He found it behaved as an acid, so the material was renamed nucleic acid. Nucleic acids structure and physicochemical properties. In summary, the chemical properties of proteins, in particular their behavior in acid, base and neutral aqueous solution are dependent up on the constituent amino acids which form the polypeptide chain. Some general physical and chemical properties of proteins. The nucleosides of glycol nucleic acid gna, with the backbone comprising just the three carbons and one stereocenter of propylene glycol 1,2propanediol, probably constitute the simplest possible building blocks for a chemically stable nucleic acid that contains phosphodiester bonds. Proofofprinciple studies have demonstrated longrange energy transfer in singlephotonic dna wires consisting of endtethered. Reagents that oxidize nucleic acids are also useful probes of the biopolymers structure and folding. The acid value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acid in 1 g of the substance. In 1889, richard altmann investigated the chemical properties of nuclein. Nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and organic bases.

In this article we will discuss about the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids. The identification of molecules that can modulate rna or protein function and the subsequent chemical and structural optimization to refine such molecules into drugs is a key activity in drug discovery. The facts lipids are one of the four major groups of organic macromolecules, along with proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids 2. Physical properties of oligonucleotides containing. Nucleic acids in nature include dna, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and rna, or ribonucleic acid. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Importance and chemical structure of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids will serve as a textbook in physical biochemistry and biophysical chemistry classes, as well as a supplemental text in courses on nucleic acid biochemistry or molecular biology, and as a personal reference for students and researchers in these fields. A small dna like the circular singlestranded dna of phage. Physical and kinetic properties of the site specific endonuclease bamhi from bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Structural and biological properties of peptide nucleic acid.

All amino acids have a high melting point greater than 200 o. Now we explore the chemical properties of acids and bases. Shape and size the proteins range in shape from simple crystalloid spherical structures to long fibrillar structures. List the characteristics and properties of nucleic acids. Dna and rna are chainlike macromolecules that function in the storage and transfer of genetic information.

Describe how the chemical structure of dna carries information and supports replication. Mar 01, 2009 the nucleic acid bases carry structural and energetic signatures that contribute to the unique features of genetic sequences. Draw the chemical structure of dna, and indicate the role of hydrogen bonding in forming the structure. Advanced organic chemistry of nucleic acids wiley online. The proteins are synthesized by various rna molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in dna.

Amino acids properties, structure, classification and. From a chemical perspective, two of those bases are purines, while the other two are pyrimidines. The physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids deepdyve. What are the physical and chemical properties of nucleic. Just unfortunately for a simple and yet correct answer proteins have very few things in common that are universally true. Hagedorn 1department of biotechnology and biomedicine, technical university of denmark, 2800 kgs. Let us get started with acids, acids change the colour of litmus from blue to red. Acids turn the pink colour of phenolphthalein to colourless. Therefore, if a question has uracil as one of the nucleic acids in the sequence, you know that you are dealing with a piece of rna.

Physical properties of deoxyribonucleic acid annual. Structures of nucleic acids chapter 2 structures of nucleic acids dna and rna are both nucleic acids, which are the polymeric acids isolated from the nucleus of cells. The number of milligrams of koh required to neutralize the acetic acid obtained by saponification of 1 gm. They convert the colour of methyl orange from orangeyellow to pink. Nucleic acids have become intensely diversified in organisms throughout the evolution of life on our planet. Nucleic acids are polymers that consist of nucleotide residues. Nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases purines and pyrimidines. Nucleic acids are the main informationcarrying molecules of the cell and play a central role in determining the inherited characteristics of every living thing. Introduction to nucleic acids and their structure link. We now know that nucleic acids are found throughout a cell, not just in the nucleus, the name nucleic acid is still used for such materials.

In all cases, lna oligonucleotides have exhibited good aqueous solubility as would be expected from their close structural resemblance to the natural nucleic acids. An insight was gained into various chemical, physical, and biological properties of pna which make it preferable over all other classes of modified nucleic acid analogs. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an antifungal agent, a keratolytic drug, an ec 1. Physical and kinetic properties of the site specific. In terrestrial environments, for example, compounds with high vapor pressures low molecular weights, hydrophobic facilitate chemical. Radiation scientists have contributed greatly to our understanding of nucleic acid oxidation using a variety of. The nucleotides making up dna contain one of four nitrogenous bases i. A single volume that contains a comprehensive and detailed account of the structures and physical properties of nucleic acids. General properties of viruses virology virology is the bioscience for study of viral nature, and the relationship between viruses and hosts definition of virus viruses may be defined as acellular organisms whose genomes consist of nucleic acid, and which obligately replicate inside host cells using host metabolic machinery and ribosomes to form a pool of. Structurebased model for lightharvesting properties of. Errors that creep in during replication or because of damage after replication must be repaired. Some aspects of physicochemical properties of dna and rna.

Structural properties of nucleic acid building blocks function of dna and rna dna and rna are chainlike macromolecules that function in the storage and transfer of genetic information. May 04, 2017 the white crystals are magnesium chloride and magnesium ethanoate. The key concept is that some form of nucleic acid is the genetic material, and these encode the macromolecules that function in the cell. Nucleic acid lateral flow assays nalfas have attracted much attention due to their rapid, robust, simple, and costeffective features. Jul 14, 2015 structure and properties of nucleic acid 1. These biopolymers are responsible for the storage of genetic information in living things dna and the translation of this information into protein synthesis rna. Dna and rna can be represented as simple strings of letters, where each letter corresponds to a particular nucleotide, the monomeric component of the nucleic acid polymers. Nucleic acids structure and physico chemical properties from the time of discovery of nucleic acids by fredrick miescher in 1870, they were long regarded as something of a curiosity until the structures of the monomer units, the nucleotides, was established in 1909 and that of rna was proposed by levene and tipson in 1935. Programmed selfassembly of nucleic acids offers the unique ability to scaffold chromophore molecules at precise locations and orientations in 3d space to construct dnabased lightharvesting antennas and wires with custom optical properties. Early investigations focused on the stability and specificity of multistrand polynucleotide complexes, then gradually on their interaction with other molecules, particularly proteins. More about ph values in the next few subtopics acid solutions turn blue litmus paper an indicator red.

Hydrolysis proteins are hydrolyzed by a variety of hydrolytic agents. Nuclein is the material found in the nucleus, consisting mainly of nucleic acids, protein, and phosphoric acid. In addition, phosphoric acid is a constituent in bone and. Physical and chemical properties dna is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides.

Dna must be replicated accurately in order to ensure the integrity of the genetic code. Structural and biological properties of peptide nucleic. In doublestranded nucleic acids, adenine forms bonds with either uracil or thymine. However, it was not until 2005 that the astonishing duplex formation properties of gna homoduplexes. Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. In this way trna brings amino acids to the growing protein chain.

Chemical and physical properties of functional metabolites. Physical properties of proteins colour and taste proteins are colourless and usually tasteless. Physical and chemical properies of functional metabolites the physical and chemical properties of habitats can determine the nature and success of ecological interactions. Sensitivity enhancement of nucleic acid lateral flow assays. Nucleic acids are very long polymers that are composed of phosphatesugarnitrogenous base units. However, the current nalfas are still limited by low sensitivity because of the poor understanding and control of the underlying complex flow and reaction processes. An amino acid is an organic molecule with an amino group nh2 and a carboxyl group cooh. This function may reflect the chemical, physical and some other properties of the nucleotides residing in the sequence. They dissolve in water to form colourless solutions. Chapter 2 structures of nucleic acids nucleic acids.

Depending on the amount of heat added, a double helix may unwind or even. Phosphoric acid is used in dentistry and orthodontics as an etching solution, to clean and roughen the surfaces of teeth where dental appliances or fillings will be placed. They are major components of all cells 15% of the cells dry weight. Nucleic acids are the main informationcarrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing. Duplex hybridization and nuclease sensitivity hybridization and dissociation rates of phosphodiester or modified oligodeoxynucleotides with rna at nearphysiological conditions. Although enormous efforts have been devoted to enhancing detection sensitivity of nalfas. The sour taste found in lemon juice is due to citric acid.

A nitrogenous base is connected to the carbon atom no. Here, we explored the extent to which chemical and structural differences in antisense oligonucleotides, designed as gapmers and capable of recruiting rnase h for target rna cleavage. However, it was not until 2005 that the astonishing duplex formation properties of gna homoduplexes were. Biological functions of nucleic acid dna is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information. We had shown 7 through thermal denaturation studies that poly ra in solution exhibited noncooperative base stacking interactions similar to those seen in the dimer apa. Nucleic acids can be denatured by the same conditions that denature proteins. They are soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and dissolve with difficulty in methanol, ethanol, and propanol.

Ullmannsbiotechnologyandbiochemicalengineering,vol. Nucleic acids structure and physicochemical properties from the time of discovery of nucleic acids by fredrick miescher in 1870, they were long regarded as something of a curiosity until the structures of the monomer units, the nucleotides, was established in 1909 and that of rna was proposed by levene and tipson in 1935. The differences between these two populations of water involve only their physical properties. This page contains materials for the biochemistry class session on lipids, nucleic acids and dna. Frederic miesher in 1869, isolated an acidic compound from the nuclear material of salmon sperms, and named it as nuclien which is now called nucleic acid. At physiological ph, the phosphate of the nucleotide is completely ionized to the anionic form and the nitrogenous base is linked through an nbeta glycosidic bond to the 1. Jones in 1920 proved the fact there are two types of nucleic acids, i. Physical chemistry of nucleic acids and their complexes.

Thus, the food science industry has developed a number of criteria by which to measure and evaluate the physical properties of lipids 2. Nucleic acid are long chain polymers of nucleotides present in nuclei of cell, so they are also called polynucleotide. Nucleic acid oxidation plays a vital role in the etiology and treatment of diseases, as well as aging. What are the physio chemical properties of amino acids. With this high condensation ability, nucleic acid bases differ from most of the other purine and pyrimidine derivatives, which currently do not occur in nucleic acids. An amino acid has this ability because at a certain ph value different for each amino acid nearly all the amino acid molecules exist as zwitterions. Structural properties of nucleic acid building blocks. Each nucleotide is put together from three building blocks. Thereafter, various approaches with special attention to the practical constraints, characteristics, and inherent drawbacks leading to the delay in the development of pna as. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.

Spherical nucleic acids snas defined as structures that are an arrangement of densely packed, highly oriented nucleic acids in a spherical geometry were first introduced in 1996 by the mirkin group at northwestern university. Dna is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of. Questions concerning the n ature of ordered polynucleotide structures, and of the forces which stabilize them, have b een asked repeatedly during the. Nucleic acids dna rna are long chains of repeated nucleotides a nucleotide consists of. Another involved nucleic acid is rrna ribosomal rna which makes up a large part of the ribosome itself and is responsible for helping to properly attach each amino acid that the trna brings to the amino acid sequence being built. The arrangement and orientation of onedimensional linear nucleic acids within this threedimensional framework results in new chemical, biological, and physical.

In the sections that follow, we discuss the current state of knowledge on the impact of hydration on nucleic acid structure and recognition. Properties of nucleic acids genetics varsity tutors. The smallest ribonucleic acids are the trnas which comprise about 80 nucleotides. Replication, repair, and recombinationthe three main processes of dna metabolismare carried out by specialized machinery within the cell. These varied nucleic acids have a myriad of unique forms, all with particular physical and chemical properties that must be taken into consideration when preparing samples for laboratory work. One spatulaful of copper ii carbonate powder is added to the acid. The polymer properties of single strand polynucleotides were, at that time, another important focus of nucleic acid physical chemistry. Water of hydration is chemically identical to water in the bulk.

The physical features of nucleotides discussed in this chapter will lead to an understanding of some of the characteristic properties of these molecules, especially if basebase recognition through basepairing and basemetal interactions are concerned. Nature is specific in the selection of the correct amino acid at the time it is needed in the forma. About 5 cm 3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is poured into a test tube. Studies of the physical properties of nucleic acids began almost immediately following the discovery of the dna structure. Preparation of lna nucleosides requires a number of synthetic steps but very efficient procedures have been developed, as have protocols for synthesis of lna oligonucleotides on automated dna synthesizers. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1002k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Apr 20, 2010 the nucleosides of glycol nucleic acid gna, with the backbone comprising just the three carbons and one stereocenter of propylene glycol 1,2propanediol, probably constitute the simplest possible building blocks for a chemically stable nucleic acid that contains phosphodiester bonds. The most frequent and of greatest interest are those amino acids forming part of proteins. Structure and properties of nucleic acid linkedin slideshare. Investigation of some properties of oligodeoxynucleotides containing 4. The nucleotide components of the nucleic acids include a heterocyclic nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate fig.